Warnings Valid at: 12 May 2025 05:03 AM CDT
NC
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by ILM (ralf)
Coastal Pender, Coastal New Hanover, in NC
VTEC# 5 (NEW)
Issued: 05:00 AM
Updated: 03:35 AM
 
AM
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by CHS ()
Coastal waters from South Santee River to Edisto Beach SC out 20 nm, Waters from Savannah GA to Altamaha Sound GA extending from 20 to 60 nm, in AM
VTEC# 37 (EXT)
Issued: 02:56 AM
Updated: 02:56 AM
 
PZ
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 05:00 PM by LOX ()
East Santa Barbara Channel from Pt. Conception to Pt. Mugu including Santa Cruz and Anacapa Islands, in PZ
VTEC# 79 (EXB)
Issued: 04:58 AM
Updated: 04:58 AM
 
FL
Severe Thunderstorm Warning (View Text) expires 05:15 AM by MFL (CWC)
Miami-Dade, in FL
VTEC# 39 (NEW)
Issued: 04:54 AM
Updated: 04:54 AM
 
GM
SC
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 06:45 AM by CHS (NED)
Allendale, Hampton, in SC
VTEC# 12 (NEW)
Issued: 04:46 AM
Updated: 04:46 AM
 
AM
SC
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 06:00 AM by CAE (CAL)
Orangeburg, Bamberg, Barnwell, in SC
VTEC# 17 (NEW)
Issued: 03:56 AM
Updated: 03:56 AM
 
FL
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 05:45 AM by MFL (CF)
Palm Beach, in FL
VTEC# 21 (NEW)
Issued: 03:48 AM
Updated: 03:48 AM
 
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by MQT ()
Black River To Ontonagon MI, Munising to Grand Marais MI, Marquette to Munising MI, Grand Marais to Whitefish Point MI, in LS
VTEC# 98 (NEW)
Issued: 03:45 AM
Updated: 03:45 AM
 
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by MQT ()
Ontonagon to Upper Entrance of Portage Canal MI, in LS
VTEC# 95 (EXB)
Issued: 03:45 AM
Updated: 03:45 AM
 
AL
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 06:30 AM by BMX (05)
Clay, Etowah, Randolph, St. Clair, Talladega, Calhoun, Cherokee, Cleburne, in AL
VTEC# 60 (NEW)
Issued: 03:29 AM
Updated: 03:29 AM
 
AL
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by BMX (05)
Montgomery, Elmore, Lowndes, in AL
VTEC# 59 (NEW)
Issued: 03:00 AM
Updated: 03:00 AM
 
GA
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 06:00 AM by JAX (SHASHY)
Glynn, in GA
VTEC# 30 (NEW)
Issued: 02:59 AM
Updated: 02:59 AM
 
GA
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 05:30 AM by JAX (SHASHY)
Camden, Glynn, in GA
VTEC# 29 (NEW)
Issued: 02:18 AM
Updated: 02:18 AM
 
AM
AM
GA
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 03:00 AM by JAX ()
Coastal Camden, Coastal Glynn, in GA
VTEC# 15 (EXB)
Issued: 02:10 AM
Updated: 02:10 AM
 
NV
Wind Advisory (View Text) expires 10:00 PM by REV (CM)
Mineral and Southern Lyon Counties, in NV
VTEC# 15 (EXB)
Issued: 01:38 AM
Updated: 01:38 AM
 
GA
Flash Flood Warning (View Text) expires 05:15 AM by FFC ()
Toombs, in GA
VTEC# 7 (NEW)
Issued: 11:14 PM
Updated: 11:14 PM
 
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 05:00 AM by EKA ()
Waters from Pt. St. George to Cape Mendocino CA from 10 to 60 nm, Coastal waters from Pt. St. George to Cape Mendocino CA out 10 nm, in PZ
VTEC# 56 (CON)
Issued: 10:00 PM
Updated: 05:01 AM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 05:00 AM by JAN (7)
Leake, in MS
VTEC# 64 (EXT)
Issued: 09:33 PM
Updated: 09:33 PM
 
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 05:00 AM by LOX ()
Inner waters from Point Mugu to San Mateo Pt. CA including Santa Catalina and Santa Barbara Islands, in PZ
VTEC# 79 (CON)
Issued: 09:00 PM
Updated: 04:58 AM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 08:22 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 5 (NEW)
Issued: 08:22 PM
Updated: 08:22 PM
 
GA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:00 PM by CHS ()
Toombs, Tattnall, in GA
VTEC# 8 (NEW)
Issued: 08:15 PM
Updated: 02:45 PM
 
PK
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by AJK ()
Northern Lynn Canal, in PK
VTEC# 307 (EXT)
Issued: 05:44 PM
Updated: 01:04 AM
 
PZ
LS
CA
Wind Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by REV (TF)
Greater Lake Tahoe Area, in CA
VTEC# 15 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 01:38 AM
 
CA
Wind Advisory (View Text) expires 10:00 PM by REV (TF)
Mono, in CA
VTEC# 15 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 01:38 AM
 
NV
Wind Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by REV (TF)
Greater Lake Tahoe Area, Greater Reno-Carson City-Minden Area, in NV
VTEC# 15 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 01:38 AM
 
CA
High Wind Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by VEF (STESSMAN)
Owens Valley, Eastern Sierra Slopes of Inyo County, in CA
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 12:28 PM
Updated: 02:23 AM
 
MN
ND
Red Flag Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by FGF ()
Eddy, Nelson, Grand Forks, Western Walsh County, Griggs, Steele, Traill, Barnes, Cass, Richland, Ransom, Sargent, Pembina, Eastern Walsh County, in ND
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 11:00 AM
Updated: 03:04 AM
 
ND
Red Flag Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by BIS (MEJ)
Kidder, Stutsman, Emmons, Logan, McIntosh, Dickey, Burleigh, La Moure, Sheridan, Wells, Foster, Sioux, in ND
VTEC# 8 (CON)
Issued: 11:00 AM
Updated: 03:48 AM
 
SD
Red Flag Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by ABR ()
Hand, Brown, Marshall, Campbell, Walworth, Edmunds, Dewey, Faulk, Roberts, Day, Spink, Clark, Hyde, Jones, Buffalo, Hamlin, Deuel, Potter, Codington, Grant, Corson, McPherson, Lyman, Stanley, Sully, Hughes, in SD
VTEC# 13 (CON)
Issued: 11:00 AM
Updated: 04:33 AM
 
MN
Red Flag Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by ABR (10)
Traverse, Big Stone, in MN
VTEC# 13 (CON)
Issued: 11:00 AM
Updated: 04:33 AM
 
CA
Wind Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by VEF (CO)
White Mountains of Inyo County, in CA
VTEC# 20 (CON)
Issued: 10:00 AM
Updated: 02:23 AM
 
FL
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 03:00 AM by MLB ()
Coastal Volusia County, in FL
VTEC# 15 (EXT)
Issued: 09:58 AM
Updated: 01:55 AM
 
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by DLH ()
Duluth MN to Port Wing WI, Chequamegon Bay-Bayfield to Oak Point WI, Sand Island to Bayfield WI, Port Wing to Sand Island WI, Oak Point to Saxon Harbor WI, in LS
VTEC# 64 (EXT)
Issued: 09:00 AM
Updated: 03:32 AM
 
AL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:09 PM by MOB ()
Mobile, in AL
VTEC# 31 (CON)
Issued: 08:59 AM
Updated: 09:09 PM
 
AR
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by LZK (56)
Perry, in AR
VTEC# 11 (NEW)
Issued: 08:21 AM
Updated: 08:21 AM
 
FL
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by MFL ()
Coastal Broward County, Coastal Miami Dade County, Coastal Palm Beach County, in FL
VTEC# 23 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 06:17 PM
 
NH
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 AM by BOX (RM)
Hillsborough, in NH
VTEC# 11 (EXT)
Issued: 04:00 AM
Updated: 11:53 AM
 
MA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 AM by BOX (RM)
Worcester, Middlesex, in MA
VTEC# 11 (EXT)
Issued: 04:00 AM
Updated: 11:53 AM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 03:24 PM by SHV (15)
Smith, Upshur, Wood, in TX
VTEC# 103 (EXT)
Issued: 03:24 AM
Updated: 08:15 PM
 
MS
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by JAN (sas20)
Warren, Claiborne, Jefferson, in MS
VTEC# 9 (CON)
Issued: 02:04 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
LA
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by JAN (sas20)
Madison, Tensas, in LA
VTEC# 9 (CON)
Issued: 02:04 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:30 PM by JAN (CR)
Madison, Yazoo, in MS
VTEC# 56 (CON)
Issued: 11:04 PM
Updated: 09:30 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by SHV (88)
La Salle, Caldwell, Grant, Winn, in LA
VTEC# 92 (EXT)
Issued: 10:15 PM
Updated: 08:16 PM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 07:52 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 4 (CON)
Issued: 07:31 PM
Updated: 07:52 PM
 
PK
NM
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 05:00 PM by ABQ (ANM)
San Miguel, Mora, in NM
VTEC# 4 (NEW)
Issued: 04:41 PM
Updated: 04:41 PM
 
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 05:00 AM by LOX (15)
Point Piedras Blancas to Point Sal westward out to 10 NM, in PZ
VTEC# 77 (CON)
Issued: 04:00 PM
Updated: 04:58 AM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by HGX (Fowler)
Grimes, Brazos, Madison, in TX
VTEC# 8 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 01:02 AM
 
NH
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by GYX (SJ)
Merrimack, Belknap, in NH
VTEC# 7 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 08:02 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by MOB ()
George, Perry, Greene, in MS
VTEC# 28 (EXT)
Issued: 09:44 AM
Updated: 09:07 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:17 PM by SHV (88)
Smith, Upshur, Gregg, in TX
VTEC# 99 (CON)
Issued: 08:30 AM
Updated: 08:17 PM
 
PH
PK
Gale Warning (View Text) expires 09:15 AM by AFC ()
Bering Sea Offshore East of 171W, in PK
VTEC# 358 (EXT)
Issued: 06:45 AM
Updated: 06:13 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by LCH (CK)
Evangeline, Acadia, Allen, Jefferson Davis, in LA
VTEC# 66 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:50 PM by LIX (DM)
Hancock, Pearl River, in MS
VTEC# 19 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:50 PM by LIX (DM)
St. Tammany, in LA
VTEC# 19 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by LCH (Rua)
Calcasieu, in LA
VTEC# 65 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:02 AM by HGX (JM)
Liberty, Chambers, in TX
VTEC# 7 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 01:02 AM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:50 PM by LIX (DM)
Washington, in LA
VTEC# 18 (CON)
Issued: 05:17 PM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:50 PM by LIX (DM)
Pearl River, in MS
VTEC# 18 (CON)
Issued: 05:17 PM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 05:00 AM by LOX ()
Point Piedras Blancas to Point Sal from 10 to 60 NM out, in PZ
VTEC# 77 (EXT)
Issued: 05:00 PM
Updated: 04:58 AM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:02 AM by HGX (JM)
Liberty, in TX
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 02:20 PM
Updated: 01:02 AM
 
FL
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 04:00 AM by TAE ()
Coastal Franklin, South Walton, Coastal Gulf, Coastal Bay, in FL
VTEC# 38 (EXT)
Issued: 03:00 AM
Updated: 01:00 AM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:36 AM by LCH (Brazzell)
Allen, Jefferson Davis, in LA
VTEC# 64 (EXT)
Issued: 02:44 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:30 PM by JAN (CR)
Attala, Holmes, in MS
VTEC# 55 (CON)
Issued: 05:56 PM
Updated: 09:30 PM
 
NY
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:20 PM by BGM (JAB)
Tompkins, in NY
VTEC# 7 (CON)
Issued: 12:30 PM
Updated: 08:20 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:57 PM by LCH (Jones)
Acadia, Vermilion, Jefferson Davis, in LA
VTEC# 60 (CON)
Issued: 10:31 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by LCH (Rua)
St. Landry, Lafayette, St. Martin, in LA
VTEC# 63 (EXT)
Issued: 09:00 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 PM by FWD (Sanchez)
Freestone, Anderson, Leon, in TX
VTEC# 56 (EXT)
Issued: 08:30 AM
Updated: 07:31 PM
 
CT
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 11:53 AM by BOX (KP)
Middlesex, in CT
VTEC# 9 (CON)
Issued: 08:00 AM
Updated: 11:53 AM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by LCH (Stigger/87)
Rapides, in LA
VTEC# 53 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:57 PM by LCH (Stigger/87)
Vermilion, Lafayette, in LA
VTEC# 54 (EXT)
Issued: 12:26 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
CT
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by BOX (Loconto)
Hartford, Middlesex, in CT
VTEC# 8 (EXT)
Issued: 11:30 PM
Updated: 11:53 AM
 
OH
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by IWX (CP)
Williams, Fulton, Defiance, in OH
VTEC# 28 (EXT)
Issued: 08:00 PM
Updated: 09:08 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:39 PM by FWD (Prater)
Hopkins, Delta, in TX
VTEC# 57 (CON)
Issued: 06:18 PM
Updated: 07:39 PM
 
GU
Red Flag Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by GUM (Bowsher)
Guam, in GU
VTEC# 6 (EXT)
Issued: 03:00 PM
Updated: 12:25 AM
 
LA
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by JAN (7)
East Carroll, in LA
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 10:54 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
MS
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by JAN (7)
Washington, Issaquena, in MS
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 10:54 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
AR
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by JAN (7)
Chicot, in AR
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 10:54 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:02 AM by HGX (JM)
Walker, San Jacinto, Trinity, Polk, in TX
VTEC# 4 (CON)
Issued: 08:59 AM
Updated: 01:02 AM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:19 PM by SHV (88)
Trinity, Cherokee, Houston, Anderson, in TX
VTEC# 83 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 08:19 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by SHV (33)
San Augustine, Shelby, Rusk, Nacogdoches, in TX
VTEC# 90 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 08:16 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:16 PM by SHV (33)
Houston, Angelina, Trinity, Tyler, Polk, in TX
VTEC# 91 (CON)
Issued: 12:00 PM
Updated: 08:16 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:32 PM by JAN (7)
Franklin, in LA
VTEC# 53 (CON)
Issued: 09:08 PM
Updated: 09:32 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:15 PM by SHV (88)
Wood, Smith, in TX
VTEC# 78 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 08:15 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:57 PM by LCH (Brazzell)
Calcasieu, in LA
VTEC# 52 (CON)
Issued: 07:52 PM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:24 AM by LCH (Brazzell)
Calcasieu, in LA
VTEC# 51 (EXT)
Issued: 12:15 PM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by SHV (88)
Webster, in LA
VTEC# 86 (EXT)
Issued: 11:13 AM
Updated: 08:18 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by SHV (88)
Columbia, in AR
VTEC# 86 (EXT)
Issued: 11:13 AM
Updated: 08:18 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 11:40 AM by FWD (Schroeder)
Navarro, Henderson, in TX
VTEC# 46 (EXT)
Issued: 10:30 AM
Updated: 07:31 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:18 PM by SHV (24)
Anderson, Cherokee, Houston, in TX
VTEC# 82 (CON)
Issued: 07:17 AM
Updated: 08:18 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by FWD (Prater)
Wise, in TX
VTEC# 37 (EXT)
Issued: 02:07 PM
Updated: 07:31 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:57 PM by LCH (Rua)
Calcasieu, Beauregard, in LA
VTEC# 49 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:57 PM by LCH (Rua)
Newton, Orange, in TX
VTEC# 49 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:57 PM by LCH (24)
St. Martin, St. Mary, in LA
VTEC# 46 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 07:57 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:19 PM by SHV (88)
Angelina, Nacogdoches, in TX
VTEC# 75 (CON)
Issued: 05:30 AM
Updated: 08:19 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by LIX (Zeringue)
Ascension, in LA
VTEC# 16 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by LIX (TJS)
East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, in LA
VTEC# 15 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:32 PM by JAN (7)
Yazoo, in MS
VTEC# 51 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 09:32 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by JAN (7)
Concordia, in LA
VTEC# 36 (CON)
Issued: 09:00 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by JAN (7)
Adams, Wilkinson, in MS
VTEC# 36 (CON)
Issued: 09:00 AM
Updated: 09:34 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by LIX (BL)
Pointe Coupee, East Baton Rouge, West Feliciana, in LA
VTEC# 9 (CON)
Issued: 09:24 AM
Updated: 08:50 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:17 PM by SHV (88)
Union, Ashley, in AR
VTEC# 63 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 08:17 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:15 PM by LZK (61)
Monroe, Arkansas, in AR
VTEC# 42 (CON)
Issued: 03:00 PM
Updated: 08:15 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by LZK (61)
Prairie, in AR
VTEC# 45 (CON)
Issued: 11:06 AM
Updated: 08:15 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:16 PM by LZK (61)
Bradley, Calhoun, Union, in AR
VTEC# 44 (CON)
Issued: 05:48 PM
Updated: 08:16 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by LZK (61)
Woodruff, White, in AR
VTEC# 36 (CON)
Issued: 04:39 AM
Updated: 08:15 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by LZK (61)
Jackson, Woodruff, in AR
VTEC# 38 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 08:15 PM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 02:30 PM by LSX (Walsh)
Clinton, in IL
VTEC# 2 (EXT)
Issued: 10:00 AM
Updated: 09:25 AM
 
Download GIS shapefile of current warnings and/or GeoTiff of NEXRAD base reflectivity.

Notes:

  • This application is educational grade and should not be used operationally.
  • The status column is simply the status of the warning. The warning is in 'NEW' state until a SVS is issued, then it goes to 'CON' for continued.
  • NEXRAD composite is available since 1 Jan 1997.
  • Prior to the NWS adoption of VTEC, warnings were not expired nor canceled.
  • SVS updates were added in 2005.
  • LSR archive begins 1 Jan 2004.
  • Archive of watches begins 1 Jan 1997.